Require unique design for state ID cards for age < 21
Under this strategy, states adopt a unique design for identification cards (e.g., vertical instead of horizontal state driver licenses) for those under age 21 so that age of the card holder is easier to identify.
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Effectiveness: X = Too few robust studies to rate effectiveness—or mixed results
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Cost: $$$ = Higher
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Research Amount: *** = 5 or more cross-sectional studies or 1 to 4 longitudinal studies
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Public Health Reach: Broad
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Staffing Expertise Needed: Policy advocate
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Target Population: Underage students
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Research Population: College, general
Effectiveness ratings are based on estimated success in achieving targeted outcomes. Cost ratings are based on a consensus among research team members of the relative program and staff costs for adoption, implementation, and maintenance of a strategy. Actual costs will vary by institution, depending on size, existing programs, and other campus and community factors. Barriers to implementing a strategy include cost and opposition, among other factors. Public health reach refers to the number of students that a strategy affects. Strategies with a broad reach affect all students or a large group of students (e.g., all underage students); strategies with a focused reach affect individuals or small groups of students (e.g., sanctioned students). Research amount/quality refers to the number and design of studies.
References from 2019 update
- Bellou, A.; and Bhatt, R. Reducing underage alcohol and tobacco use: Evidence from the introduction of vertical identification cards. Journal of Health Economics 32(2):353–366, 2013.
Resources identified only for strategies rated effective.
